Factors Affecting the Biotic and Abiotic features Essay Example

Factors Affecting the Biotic and Abiotic features Essay Example Factors Affecting the Biotic and Abiotic features Paper Factors Affecting the Biotic and Abiotic features Paper Factors affecting the role that the relationships between biotic and biotic factors contribute to the relationship between foliage and ground coverer Effie Electrocutions:A functioning ecosystem is totally reliant on the way in which factors such as biotic and biotic interrelate and create a balance of living and non-living. Biotic factors are those features of the environments of organisms arising from the activities of the other living organisms, relating to, produced by, or caused by living organisms (M. Than/ M. Hickman 2003:16). Biotic factors are non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment which include light, temperature, water, atmospheric gases, and wind as well as soil. The six major biotic factors are water, sunlight, oxygen, temperature, soil and climate (http://el. ERDA. Usage. Army. Mil/MIS/bicorn l/ HTML labia tic . HTML). Biotic and biotic factors combine to create a system or more precisely, an ecosystem which is a community of living and nonliving things considered as a unit. Biotic and biotic factors are interrelated (Growler 1997:106). If one factor is changed or removed, it impacts the availability of other resources within the system (http://library. Thinkers. Org). If an biotic factor is changed, such as soil nutrient levels, this may affect the growth of a biotic factor such as grass and trees, in turn making the plants decrease in population. This subtle change in turn affects biotic factors such as large organisms that need the plants to survive. This decreases the number of large organisms and affects the balance of the ecosystem. Ground cover is those herbaceous plants, small shrubs and non-vascular plants growing beneath the tree and shrub canopy (museum. Gob. Ins. Ca/man/nature/ nuns/ glossary. HTML. ) Ground cover is used for two main purposes; to hide the round beneath, or to protect it from erosion or drought. Foliage cover is the percentage of a fixed area covered by crowns of plants surrounded by a vertical projection of the outermost perimeter of the spread of the foliage (www. FSP. Fed. Us/re/ Fremont/scan/text/ APPENDIX X_C. HTML). Ground cover and foliage cover are along with biotic and biotic factors interrelated. The quantity of vegetation that lives in a particular area is totally dependent on the percent canopy cover that is above. If the role of photosynthesis; the process by which plants convert water and carbon dioxide into reverberates, using sunlight as the source of energy and the aid of chlorophyll (www. Surds. Haw ii. Du /SURDS glossary. HTML) is relied upon, ground areas with a high percentage of canopy cover will have a decreased amount of living vegetation underneath, as the process of photosynthesis cannot be efficiently accomplished. The relationship between biotic and biotic factors affects the relationship between ground cover and foliage cover as the two factors interrelate and assist or hinder the others actions. Aim: To determine the possible relationships between biotic factors, which include the varying organisms which surround an area, and biotic factors, such as the temperature of an allocated area, humidity, Ph levels and nutrient availability to see how they play a role in the relationship between ground cover and foliage cover. Hypothesis: If there is more overhead foliage cover than there will be less ground cover (in comparison to an area with no overhead foliage cover) because less sunlight and rain will reach the ground, the temperature will decrease and more animals will stand on and eat the ground cover that is there (due to the reduced temperature). Materials:lax mum measuring tappet small stakes Clinometers 1 x hammer lax permanent marker lax roll of marking tappets of good quality striving manometer 1 x canopy densitometer lax sheet of graph appear x thermometers empty AL drink bottles CACM ruler with millimeters marked outpoured:1. The XML transect was marked out by measuring out mum Of string. The stakes Were then placed into the ground at the appropriate measurements and the string was wrapped around as shown in Figure 1 . 2. The length of the string was marked at mm intervals with marking tape and he numbers were written on with permanent marker as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 :Peacetime of the marking tape along the mum string. 3. The gradual slope of the gradient was then taken to determine how steep the selected land area was. 4. This was done with the manometer at zero to half meter by placing each end of the manometer at both beginning and end of each half meter and taking a measurement. 5. This was then continued for thirty meters and was then graphed. See Figure 3. Figure 3 :Peacetime of the manometer at every half meter point. 6. The percentage foliage cover was then taken to determine how much light to though the tree leaves onto the ground below. This was done using the canopy densitometer at zero to one half meters. 7. The densitometer was held directly upwards and looked through. The percent coverage was noted. This was continued for thirty meters. See Figure 48. The percentage ground cover was then taken at every half meter by determining how covered the ground was by grass and plants etc. This number was recorded and this was continued for thirty meters. 9. A description of every meter was taken to investigate was lived there and also how it lived there. Animal excretions and flowers etc. Were taken into account, as well as leaf litter. These results were put into table form. 10. The temperature for the selected area was taken both in the shade; by placing the thermometer under a tree, and in the sun; by placing the thermometer in the open at approximately 12 oclock. It was made sure that there was no human interference when the temperatures were taken. 1 1 . Thermometers were placed out standing upright at five minute intervals and the temperature was recorded. This was repeated over a period of 1 0 days. 12. The rain fall had to be measured so a rain gauge was made. A AL soft drink outlet was cut in half, and then the upper half was inverted to create a funnel. 3. Two gauges were made for under the tree canopy, and out in the open. The measurements were recorded over a period of ten days. The results were then put into table form. 14. A pitfall trap was then constructed to determine what species of animals lived there. A fifteen centimeter square hole was dug in both the undercover and open sections of the belt transect. 15. Two small rocks were placed at e ither side of the hole. The hole was then covered by a large rock resting on the two smaller rocks. See Figure 6. 16. The traps were then left over night, and the findings recorded.

Meaning and Origin of the Surname Duda

Meaning and Origin of the Surname Duda From the Polish noun duda, meaning bagpipes or bad musician, the common Polish surname Duda is most likely an occupational surname for one who played the bagpipes or, possibly, one who played them badly.  A dudy  is a form of bagpipe with a single reed in the chanter, common in the southern and western areas of Bohemia in the Czech Republic, and in  parts of Poland and Austria.   Another possible meaning, suggested by Polish name expert Prof. Kazimierz Rymut in his book Nazwiska Polakow (The Surnames of Poles), is one who made a lot of needless noise. Duda is among the 50 most common Polish surnames.   Surname Origin: Polish, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak Alternate Surname Spellings:  DUDDA, DADA Where do People with the Surname DUDA Live? According to Slownik nazwisk wspolczesnie w Polsce uzywanych, Directory of Surnames in Current Use in Poland, which covers about 94% of the population of Poland, there were 38,290 Polish citizens with the Duda surname living in Poland in 1990.   Famous People with the Surname DUDA Lucas Duda - American professional MLB baseball playerAndrzej Sebastian Duda - Polish lawyer and politician; sixth President of Poland Genealogy Resources for the Surname DUDA Duda Family Tree DNA Surname ProjectMale individuals with the Duda or Dudda surname can come together with other Duda researchers interested in using a combination of Y-DNA testing and traditional genealogical research to connect Duda families back to common ancestors. Duda Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Duda surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Duda surname query. DistantCousin.com - DUDA Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Duda. Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name MeaningsCant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. Sources Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Bergenfield, NJ:  Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Hoffman, William F. Polish Surnames: Origins and Meanings. Chicago:  Polish Genealogical Society, 1993. Rymut, Kazimierz. Nazwiska Polakow. Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich - Wydawnictwo, 1991. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.