Ethical Theories That We Have Taught Are Deontological...

The two Contrasting ethical theories that we have studied are Deontological ethics and Utilitarianism. Deontological: Deon means obligation or duty; Logia means speech Whereas, Utilitarianism: means the greatest happiness of the greatest number †¢ Deontological ethical, according to deontologists certain actions are right or wrong in themselves and so there are absolute ethical standards that must be supported. The problems with this position are concerned with how we know which acts are wrong and how we distinguish between a wrong act and an omission. Philosophers such as Nagel argue that there is a fundamental concept of right which makes our actions, while this might be dominated in certain circumstances. There may be an absolute†¦show more content†¦Kant believe that if an action had moral intentions, therefore it is morally relevant no matter what the consequences are. This theory states that consequences of an action does not matter and have no moral relevance, only intentions are morally applicable. Deontology also focuses on an individual’s duty to point an action, not an end as the sole purpose of that action. Kant’s standard by which it is judged morality of an action lies in the second formulation of the Categorical Imperative, treat others as ends, not as mere means to an end. This means that actions are not moral if you intend to use someone, without their knowledge, exclusively for a purpose if reaching a certain end. Kant believes that people have a duty to treat others as both means and an end in order for an action to be considered moral. Kant’s theory of Deontology looks seems to be divided on whether or not the actions are moral. Since Deontology places an importance on intentions that determine the morality of an action, this news article would not be considered completely immoral according to Kant. The article would have to be divided between two ethical actions, which are the oil spill and the attempts to cleaning to determine morality. It didn’t have no intentions for the perforation platform to explode and cause the oil well to eruption and once the consequences are irrelevant, the action would not be considered immoral. Also, It would not

Product Analysis on Gillettes’s Razors Free Essays

Gillette is leading worldwide home applicants, such as razor, battery, electronic and manual toothbrush, manufacturing company. On April 14, 1998, the company introduced the world†s first triple blades razor and begun to sell July 1, 1998 in the United States and September in the Western Europe. Since Gillette launched new razor in 1998, the company expected high returns in short-term; however, the result of the new product has been defined yet. We will write a custom essay sample on Product Analysis on Gillettes’s Razors or any similar topic only for you Order Now The areas of the internal factors are Finance, Management, Manufacturing, Market position, Personnel, and Research Development. All these factors can be defined as either strengths or weakness or both. First of all, the company as a whole gained net sales amount of 10. 1 billion dollars and net income of 1. 4 billion dollars for the 1997 due to acquire leading battery company â€Å"Duracel† in 1996 and grow of â€Å"Sensor Excel† razor. As a result, company could spend 1 billion dollars to invent â€Å"Mach 3† which is triple blades razor. Even though Gillette had sufficient fund to invent the new product, the company took high risk of financial side that if the new product†s sale does not reach to company†s expectation, the company will face shortage of capital resources and can be lead to bankruptcy. But if Mach3 turn out to be a New Coke or McDonald†s Arch Deluxe – much-hyped new products that were mostly duds and fizzle- the gloom will be heavy from Gillette†s corporate headquarters in Boston†s Back Bay to the South Boston factory that Gillette has overhauled to produce 600 million Mach3 blade cartridges per year, or about half of Gillette†s annual target of 1. billion Mach3 blades. (Boston Globe, 4/15/98) Since Gillette introduced â€Å"Mach3† in April, the company changed its manufacturing tools to produce Mach3 South Boston’s factory. Gillette already spent 300 million dollars for advertising and promotion worldwide for the year that company introduced new product. The amount is twice as much as the company put for advertising â€Å"Sensor Excel† in 1989. Gillette released the new product to retail stores on July 1, 1998, and starts to advertise on TV and the other media six weeks later; however, many people went to the company’s web site to look at the new product. Even though company spent tremendous amount of fund for the advertising, some people from Asia did not recognize the product according to our group’s survey. For customers, there are satisfaction and complaints for Mach3. People, who satisfied with Mach3 according to our survey, said there are less irritation and faster shaving time. Customers who complaint about Mach3 argue that they do not want to spend more money on better outlook. According to our survey, one hundred percent of surveyees, who does not satisfy with Mach3, say the price is too high for the product. Price is relatively higher than other products including â€Å"Sensor Excel† which was the most expensive one before â€Å"Mach3†³ came out. Its price is 6. 99 dollars per razor with one blade included – currently, the company is selling for 7. 29 dollars per Mach3. It is 4 percents increased from original price, and 40 percents higher price than other products. This may lead to decrease in sales and the company†s total revenue. The company is trying to reach customers several different ways. Gillette offers Mach3 package product, which included Mach3 itself and couple of extra razors, Shaving cream and deodorant. This package product makes each items† unit price lower than sell separately. Also, the company offers sweepstakes on the company’s web site, and there is no obligation. This is the one of the finest ways to reach and get involve the customers. The company give chance to people to win prize without any obligation; however, people will recognize the product automatically. Also, Gillette can acquire the Since Gillette is well-known global company, many retail stores are not offended to carry the company’s product even though the product’s price is high. Retail stores are assume that Mach3 will bring more customers. On the other hand, even more customers come to store, it is unpredictable for increasing store†s sales revenue because price is too high so that consumers would not buy. External factors are Competitive, Economic, and Social. Gillette†s major rival in the market is Shick. Since Gillette is the first company produce triple blades razor, the company will lead the market; however, rival company such as Shick will develop the same product with higher quality or lower price. Then the result will be unforeseen unless Gillette improve Mach3†³s weakness – â€Å"high price†. For long time in the United States, people†s income has been growing. As a result, customers purchasing power also increased. However, the company†s market is not only the United States but also overseas, in fact, over sixty percents of sales are made from overseas. Consequently, the company has to consider the facts that poor countries† consumers are willing to use cheaper product; especially the countries in economic crisis. There are 3 target groups in the market. The first group is disposal razor users that it’s approximately more than half of the market. The advantages of this group are cleaner, cheaper and easy to use. On the other hand, it is less quality than other two razors. The second group is regular razor such as Mach3 about 40 percents. The last group is electronic shaver users which it takes remaining market share. The customers who use the electronic shaver satisfied with high technology, easy to use, saving time and safety compare to the other two products. The disadvantages of this product are high price and less cleanness when one shaves. The goal of Gillette is trying to acquire customers who use disposal and electronic shaver to Mach3. In order to persuade the customers to change to Mach3, the company should beat other product’s weaknesses and add the improved the weakness of the other product to Mach3 and decreases of its weakness. Mach3 has several strengths; the first impression is fancy outlook that makes customers feel differentiated from other products. Second of all, men are challengers, always pursue new trend; especially on the tangible items with high technology. Although Mach3 has several strengths, it also has weaknesses. High price makes people think twice to purchase Mach3; the older generation of the Gillette razor is cheaper than Mach3, that makes people wonder if it is necessary to spend more money on the Mach3. The key purpose for Mach3 is to shave beard, but the older generation is also doing same job as Mach3; that makes no different between older and newer product. The next weakness is the advertisement. Gillette has spent 300 million dollars on the advertisement, but we did the survey with at least thirty people; 22 out of 30 surveyees know the brand from Television and magazine, but they have never uses it. This means the advertisement has preached the good news, but it has not reach people’s life. The majority of men do not know why they should spend more money to buy same result. The marketing strategy did not fail the sale of the Mach3, it is price controller. The main point of the marketing is to opening a market for product. Since 73% of the men from the survey know the product, this mean the marketing strategy succeed its intention. The biggest mistake we found is the price. As I mentioned, â€Å"the majority of men do not know why they should spend more money to buy same result†. I would recommend to the company, to lower the price and match the same price as older generation. Let public buys Mach3 as the same price as older generation, allow public to try out differences between Mach3 and older generation. After when market demand of the Mach3 is higher than older generation, then increases its price. How to cite Product Analysis on Gillettes’s Razors, Essay examples

Health Promotion and Public

Question: Give a review on local health data? Answer: The study focuses on examining the local epidemiological data for the London borough of Redbridge. The study will provide detailed information on key findings regarding the various health indicators and the health summary for Redbridge. The health data of Redbridge will further be compared with overall health data of England. The detailed analysis of Redbridge population in the year 2012 indicated 286,617 as total area population. Here most of the population belongs to age group 25-64 that is 152,821, followed by second maximum age group under 16years that are 64,475. The left over population is aged 16-24 are 32,956, age group 65-84 are 29,218 and above 85 years are 5,147 in Redbridge. The under 16years age group of Redbridge occupies 18.9% of total under 16 years population of England. Similarly, 11.7% of Englands 16-24 years population belongs to Redbridge, 52.4% of 25-64 years, 14.6% of aged 65-84years and 2.3% of Englands population above 85years age belong to Redbridge from the overall population of England. Deprivation In the year 2010, the residents of Redbridge occupied more than 30% of overall most deprived quintile in England. The data indicates that out of 100% level of deprivation in England, the 20% was most deprived location out of which residents of Redbridge occupied 7%. The local health of Redbridge differs when compared to the overall health status of England. Deprivation level of Redbridge is lower than average indicated by 19.3% of children living in poverty. The male life expectancy in most of the deprived areas of Redbridge is 5.7 years low. There were 22.7% of obese children in Redbridge that is worse than average obesity rate in England. The 20.8% was the percentage under 18 alcohol-specific hospital stay that is better than average England data. However, the levels of teenage pregnancy, mother smoking in pregnancy and GCSE attainment of Redbridge were better than overall England average. There were 20.5% obese adults in Redbridge in the year 2012, further, the alcohol consumption hospital stay were 469% of adults that is better than the overall rate of England. The rate of self-harm hospitalization was 119.2% and deaths due to smoking were 220% that is also above the average for England. However, the rate of adult tuberculosis in Redbridge was significantly worse than the overall average rate in England. The rate of sexually transmitted diseases and road accidental deaths rate of Redbridge is better than the average rate for England. The incidence of all cancer is 88.9% that is significantly better than overall average England cancer rate. But, the emergency hospitalizations due to chronic heart diseases was observed as 105.9% for COPD and 101.5% for stroke that is significantly worse than average England. The local priorities of Redbridge include a reduction in obesity of children and adults, lowering the child drug abuse, prevention of cardiovascular infections and increasing the uptake of health check-up for better health achievements. The overall data studies indicate that Redbridge has a considerable life expectancy than the average overall England. Websites Localhealth.org.uk, (2016). Available at: https://www.localhealth.org.uk/#l=en;i=t1.fertility;v=map4 [Accessed 24 Mar. 2016].

The view os bottom rail Essays - Abuse, Crimes Against Humanity

The View from the Bottom Rail ?The View from the Bottom Rail? James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle Copyright 1986 by Alfred A. Knopf Inc. The Lewinsky Scandal? A perfect example as to why we cannot accept everything at face value before carefully examining it first. Everyone thought President Clinton was behaving himself in the White House, but, as it turns out, he was most definitely not. This can be the same for history. We must carefully consider different aspects of articles so that we do no make the mistake of believing everything we read. In order to fully understand an article, we must understand the author that wrote it. It is necessary to examine prejudices, sources, information left out, and missing background information before accepting an article. This method of critical analysis allows us to better understand the article and therefore history because we are more aware of the authors and their possible mishaps. ?The View from the Bottom Rail?, an article in After the Fact, provides an opportunity to examine different aspects of analysis. If we look at it carefully, then we will be able to determine if the thesis was proven effectively. In ?The View from the Bottom Rail?, the authors, James Davidson and Mark Lytle, proposed, ?For several reasons, that debased position has made it unusually difficult for historians to recover the freedman?s point of view.? Within the article, Davidson and Lytle cycled through different aspects as to why it is hard for historians to determine the ?view from the bottom rail?. They questioned the validity of many sources that, if accurate, would have contained the perspective of an ex-slave. These sources included both white and black testimony. In order to examine these sources, the authors traced the topics using microcosm. Because they were covering a topic and not an event, microcosm was the most appropriate method of examining the subject. Davidson and Lytle first introduced a source. Then, they pondered over the different ways that the source could be biased. They took small segments from the source and used those to demonstrate why the source could not be taken at face value. For example, when examining the proposed source of a slave master?s account, Davidson and Lytle examined one aspect of this to make a conclusion. They determined that, ?With slaves so dependent on the master?s authority, they were hardly likely to reveal their true feelings; the dangerous consequences of such indiscretion was too great.? Therefore, they were able to conclude that, for the most part, a master would never truly know what his slave?s point of view was. The authors proceeded to attack the other sources in this method. The other sources that Davidson and Lytle examined were not only diverse but also effective. Many of the sources were direct quotations from the words of freedmen, including two in-depth interviews of the same ex-slave by different reporters. Other sources included stories and writings of both southern and northern whites. While almost all of the sources were primary, many were taken from secondary source books that included the words of primary sources. Taking primary sources from secondary source books can be a dangerous habit because it is not known what the author of the secondary source chose to leave out. The primary sources may have already been biased even before Davidson and Lytle were able to make their own focuses. However, some of the sources were direct primary sources such as letters and diaries. In addition, all sources used were done so effectively. The diversity of the sources made the authors? argument more convincing since their views were not limited to one kind o f source. By not depending heavily on any one type of source, Davidson and Lytle were able to cover multiple opinions. This effective use of research leaves very few questions unanswered. However, it would be helpful to know how location affected the freedman?s point of view. Blacks were treated differently depending on location, workplace, and status. The authors failed to examine different locations as changing point of views. Since the authors establish that it is difficult to determine the point of view at all, it was not their responsibility to answer this question. However, it would be

The eNotes Blog The Rabbit of Easter, He Brings of the Chocolate

The Rabbit of Easter, He Brings of the Chocolate In his hilarious collection of essays Me Talk Pretty One Day, David Sedaris describes trying to explain both the secular and religious aspects of the Easter holiday to a class learning French. The students come from many different countries, and most do not speak French very well at all. A student from Morocco is completely unfamiliar with any aspect of the holiday. The class attempts, in their broken way, to explain it to her: Excuse me, but whats an Easter? It would seem that despite having grown up in a Muslim country, she would have heard it mentioned once or twice, but no. I mean it, she said. I have no idea what you people are talking about. The teacher called on the rest of us to explain. The Poles led the charge to the best of their ability. It is, said one, a party for the little boy of God who call his self Jesus. She faltered and her fellow country-man came to her aid. He call his self Jesus and then he be die one day on twomorsels oflumber. The rest of the class jumped in, offering bits of information that would have given the pope an aneurysm. He die one day and then he go above of my head to live with your father. He weared of himself the long hair and after he die, the first day he come back here for to say hello to the peoples. He nice, the Jesus. He make the good things, and on the Easter we be sad because somebody makes him dead today. Part of the problem had to do with vocabulary. Simple nouns such as cross and resurrection were beyond our grasp, let alone such a complicated reflexive phrases as to give of yourself your only begotten son. Faced with the challenge of explaining the cornerstone of Christianity, we did what any self-respecting group of people might do. We talked about food instead. Easter is a party for to eat of the lamb, the Italian nanny explained. One too may eat of the chocolate. And who brings the chocolate? the teacher asked. I knew the word, so I raised my hand, saying, The rabbit of Easter. He bring of the chocolate. A rabbit? The teacher, assuming Id used the wrong word, positioned her index fingers on top of her head, wriggling them as though they were ears. You mean one of these? A rabbit rabbit? Well, sure, I said. He come in the night when one sleep on bed. Which a hand he have a basket and foods. The teacher sighed and shook her head. As far as she was concerned, I had just explained everything wrong with my country. No, no, she said. Here in France the chocolate is brought by a a big bell that flies in from Rome. I called for a time-out. But how do the bell know where you live? Well, she said, how does a rabbit? It was a decent point, but at least a rabbit has eyes. Thats a start. Rabbits move from place to place, while most bells can only go back and forth and they cant even do that on their own power. On top of that, the Easter Bunny has character. Hes someone youd like to meet and shake hands with. A bell has all the personality of a cast-iron skillet. Its like saying that come Christmas, a magic dustpan flies in from the North Pole, led by eight flying cinder blocks. Who wants to stay up all night so they can see a bell? And why fly one in from Rome when theyve got more bells than they know what do to with here in Paris? Thats the most implausible aspect of the whole story, as theres no way the bells of France would allow a foreign worker to fly in and take their jobs. That Roman bell would be lucky to get work cleaning up after a French bells dog and even then hed need papers. It just didnt add up. Nothing we said was of any help to the Moroccan student. A dead man with long hair supposedly living with her father, a leg of lamb served with palm fronds and chocolate; equally confused and disgusted, she shrugged her massive shoulders and turned her attention to the comic book she kept hidden beneath her binder. I wondered then if, without the language barrier, my classmates and I could have done a better job making sense of Christianity, an idea that sounds pretty far-fetched to begin with. In communicating any religious belief, the operative word is faith, a concept illustrated by our very presence in that classroom. Why bother struggling with the grammar lessons of a six-year-old if each of us didnt believe that, against all reason, we might eventually improve? If I could hope to one day carry on a fluent conversation, it was a relatively short leap to believing that a rabbit might visit my home in the middle of the night, leaving behind a handful of chocolate kisses and a carton of menthol cigarettes. So why stop there? If I could believe in myself, why not give other improbabilties the benefit of the doubt? I told myself that despite her past behavior, my teacher was a kind and loving person who had only my best interests at heart. I accepted the idea that an omniscient God had cast me in his own image and that he watched over me and guided me from one place to the next. The Virgin Birth, the Ressurrection, and countless miracles my heart expanded to encompass all the wonders and possibilities of the universe. A bell, though thats *^%$# up. Image via news.com.au So, how did we come to believe that a rabbit brings children chocolate on Easter? Well, apparently it all started with those wacky Germans as early as the 1500s. When Germans immigrated to Pennsylvania Dutch Country, they brought the tradition with them, some time in the 18th century. Why?  Both rabbits and birds are excellent breeders whose litters arrive in the early Spring. They became symbols of fertility. Okay. That makes sense. But how did rabbits come to be carrying eggs, hmmm? Eggs are also a symbol of fertility. Early Catholics dyed eggs red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the hope for a new beginning. The German Protestants thought the dyed eggs were pretty nifty, but they were not down with the Catholic dictate to not eat eggs during Lent. Since Catholics were not scarfing them down for several weeks, there was an abundance of eggs. Protestants also began using other colors to make the eggs more festive. Okay So. Bunnies, eggs, fertility, German Catholics, German Protestants, Pennsylvania Getting to the rabbit/egg combo. Kids, of course, thought the eggs were fabulous and since theres nothing more fun than scaring kids, the Pennsylvania Dutch Germans told them that only good children would receive specially decorated eggs and they came up with the myth of the egg- laying bunny. The children were directed to make little nests out of their hats before Easter. If they were indeed good, the bunny would bring them eggs. Chocolate soon made its way into Easter baskets and as Americans, we all thought that was a swell idea. Easter is the third largest candy-consuming holiday. Ninety MILLION chocolate bunnies are produced every year. And the only question is: do you eat the ears, feet, or tail first? Id tell you about the French and their Flying Bell, but Im with Sedaris:   thats #%$d up. (Featured Image via The Herald Chronicle)

Descriptivism in Linguistics

Descriptivism in Linguistics Descriptivism is a nonjudgmental approach to language that focuses on how it is actually spoken and written. Also called  linguistic descriptivism.  Contrast with prescriptivism.   In the article Beyond and Between the Three Circles,  linguist Christian Mair has observed that the study of human languages in the spirit of linguistic descriptivism has been one of the great democratic enterprises of the past two centuries of scholarship in the humanities. . . . In the twentieth century, structuralist descriptivism and sociolinguistics have . . .  taught us to respect the structural complexity, communicative adequacy and creative-expressive potential of all the worlds languages, including socially stigmatized working-class and ethnic speech (World Englishes: New Theoretical and Methodological Considerations, 2016). Views on Prescriptivism and Descriptivism Excepting only in certain educational contexts, modern linguists utterly reject prescriptivism, and their investigations are based instead on descriptivism. In a descriptivist approach, we try to describe the facts of linguistic behavior exactly as we find them, and we refrain from making value judgments about the speech of native speakers. . . .Descriptivism is a central tenet of what we regard as a scientific approach to the study of language: the very first requirement in any scientific investigation is to get the facts right.(R.L. Trask, Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics. Routledge, 1999) The Realm of Descriptivism When we observe a linguistic phenomenon, such as the ones we observe on the Web, and report on what we see (i.e., the ways people use language and the way they interact), we are usually within the realm of  linguistic descriptivism.  For instance, if we take inventory  of the specific linguistic features of the discourse of a given speech community (e.g., gamers, sports enthusiasts, technology majors), we are within the realm of descriptivism.  A speech community, as Gumperz  (1968:381) points out, is any human aggregate characterized by regular and frequent interaction by means of a shared body of verbal signs and set off from similar aggregates by significant differences in language usage. Descriptivism involves observing and analyzing,  without passing too much judgment, the habits and practices within speech communities, focusing on language users and uses without attempting  to get them to modify their language according to standards external to the language itself .  Descriptive linguistics aims to understand the ways  people use language in the world, given all of the forces that influence such use. Prescriptivism lies at the other end of this continuum and is usually associated with stipulating rules and norms for language use.(Patricia Friedrich and Eduardo H. Diniz de Figueiredo, Introduction: Language, Englishes, and Technology in Perspective.  The Sociolinguistics of Digital Englishes.  Routledge, 2016) On Speaking With Authority About Language Even the most descriptive of linguists have not shied away from describing theirs as the only acceptable approach to grammar nor from ridiculing and condemning the prescriptivist statements of others.To a great extent, this is a story of a contest about who speaks authoritatively about the character of language and the methods for analyzing and describing it. The story reflects a continuing struggle to gain the exclusive right to speak authoritatively about language. The details reveal that prescriptivism remains entrenched in ostensibly descriptive as well as admittedly prescriptive approaches. For one thing, despite a professed commitment to descriptivism, professional linguists sometimes espouse prescriptivist positions, though not often about particular items of style or grammar.(Edward Finegan, Usage. The Cambridge History of the English Language: English in North America, ed. J. Algeo. Cambridge University  Press, 2001) Descriptivism vs. Prescriptivism [D]escriptivism is like common law, which works on precedent and accumulates slowly over time. Prescriptivism is an authoritarian version of code law, which says precedent be damned: if the rule book says this is the law, thats that.(Robert Lane Greene, You Are What You Speak. Delacorte, 2011)At more rarefied levels, prescriptivism  has become a four-letter word, with scholars arguing that it is neither desirable nor feasible to attempt to intervene in the natural  life of language. A deliberate renunciation of prescriptivism is more like atheism than agnosticism: a conscious nonbelief is, itself, a belief, and a refusal to intervene is essentially prescriptivism in reverse. In any event, in their rush away from prescriptivism, linguists may have abdicated a useful role as arbiters and many have left much of the field open to those stylized as language shamans by Dwight Bollinger, one of the few linguists who was willing to write about the public life of language.  Bolinger rig htly criticized  the obvious crank elements, but he also understood the desire, however ill-informed, for authoritative standards.(John Edwards,  Sociolinguistics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press,  2013) Pronunciation: de-SKRIP-ti-viz-em

Biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biography - Essay Example It was just training and waiting for any war that would erupt. However, I wished there wouldnt be any more wars until I was proven wrong. World War II began, and we were sent to combat. It was scare scary since I have never been in a battlefront. Furthermore, I was in charge of a battalion that was destined to win, so I was subject to minimal mistakes. As a military leader, I had to come up with various strategies for the survival of the whole team. My father, who is your great grandfather, had taught me skills on how to keep strong and never give up since the battalion depended on me for survival. Questions: Which war/wars did you serve in? What was the battles location and what was the battalions mission? Did you in any chance become a war captive? Since you were a leader, were you rewarded for the leadership skills and completion of the mission? Answers: I served in the Second World War as an American soldier. We had to overcome our enemies who at the time were axis powers. We had to support the allies and make sure they won the war. The battle took place in Europe and Asia where most of the enemies were found. However, my team was allocated the European region where we had to support our friendly combatants in the war against the axis powers. During the war, I did not become a captive since I had an extra duty of keeping my battalion safe as a sergeant major. Many soldiers were held captive as a strategy to make us surrender, but I guess I was lucky I did not fall in that category. According to rewards and promotions, I was rewarded after coming back to my home country back in1946. The Sergeant Major of the American army at the time issued me a medal to congratulate my work in the field as both a leader and a fighter. I had completed my mission despite losing 15 army officers in the field. At the time, other agents were al so offered medals and promotions for their continued support and struggle in the field. Questions: